Jig and method of manufacturing aircraft frames in a composite material

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a jig for the manufacture, by means of injection and curing processes, of preforms of composite material frames for aircraft fuselages by using the RTM (resin transfer molding) technology. Two preforms are thus manufactured, one with a C shaped section and another with a L shaped section, together with the preforms of the stabilization ribs for stabilizing the web of the frames and the preform of the roving or staple fiber to cover the gap between the C shaped preform and the L shaped preform. Theses preforms are previously manufactured by any known process for manufacturing preforms. According to a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing composite material load frames for aircraft.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a jig for the manufacture of composite material frames for aircraft, as well as to a method of manufacturing said frames in a composite material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In addition to conferring shape and rigidity to the aircraft fuselage, load frames are structural elements in charge of withstanding and transferring the loads from other structural elements of the aircraft, such as the wings or stabilizers.

In the state of the art, the manufacture of the frames is carried out by using machined metal structures or shaped sheet metal structures having in which the part that withstands most of the load is reinforced with machined parts. In the case of shaped sheet metal, the section that is normally used is obtained in two pieces: on one hand the Z is manufactured, and on the other hand, the brackets which are riveted to the former section are manufactured.

This process has the drawback that long assembly times are necessary and that the final weight is much greater than what would be desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a jig for the manufacture of aircraft load frames such that the section of the structure of the obtained frames is done in an integrated manner such that the resulting weight is optimized. At the same time, the manufacturing method proposed by the present invention is carried out by means of a repetitive process with a short times in curing cycles, such that the necessary assembly times are decreased.

Thus, the present invention develops a jig for the manufacture, by means of injection and curing processes, of composite material frame preforms for aircraft fuselages by using RTM (resin transfer molding) technology. Therefore, two preforms are manufactured, one with a C-shaped section and another one with an L-shaped section, together with the preforms of the stabilization ribs of the web of the frames and the preform of the roving or staple fiber to cover the gap between the C shaped preform and the L shaped preform. These preforms are previously manufactured by any known preform manufacturing process.

According to a second aspect, the present invention develops a method of manufacturing an aircraft load frame in a composite material.

Thus, aircraft load frames made of a composite material are obtained by means of the jig and the method of manufacture of the present invention with the following advantages:

-   -   Frames with complex and integrated geometries are manufactured,         meeting the objective sought in any structure.     -   The problem of the surface finish on only one face is solved by         adding a high dimensional precision without the necking of         radii, since it is a closed framework.     -   Control of thicknesses is improved (reaching tolerances ≦0.2         mm), whatever these thicknesses may be, therefore achieving a         good fit between the outer flange of the frames with the skin         and the stringers making it rigid.     -   The process is repetitive with short curing cycle times, which         reduces the duration of the manufacturing process.

Other features and advantages of the present invention will be understood from the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiments of its object, together with the attached drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the section of a known metallic aircraft load frame.

FIG. 2 shows the section of an aircraft load frame made of a composite material according to the present invention.

FIGS. 3 a and 3 b show perspective views of the aircraft load frame made of a composite material that is finished, impregnated and cured with the jig and the method of the present invention.

FIG. 4 shows a C-shaped preform of the aircraft load frame made of a composite material according to the invention.

FIG. 5 shows an L-shaped preform of the aircraft load frame made of a composite material according to the invention.

FIG. 6 shows one preform of the stabilization rib of the web of the aircraft load frame made of a composite material according to the invention.

FIG. 7 shows a preform of the roving or staple fiber of the aircraft load frame made of a composite material according to the invention.

FIG. 8 shows the integration of the preforms shaping the aircraft load frame made of a composite material according to the invention.

FIG. 9 shows a sectional view of the jig for the manufacture of composite material frames for aircraft according to the invention.

FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of the jig for the manufacture of composite material frames for aircraft according to the invention.

FIG. 11 shows a detail of the stabilization ribs of the web of the composite material frames for aircraft according to the invention.

FIG. 12 shows a general view of the vacuum system of the jig for the manufacture of composite material frames for aircraft according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a jig for injecting and curing the preforms of an aeronautic fuselage frame 2 made of a composite material.

The section to be manufactured is formed by a C-shaped preform (FIG. 4) and by an L-shaped angular preform 4 (FIG. 5), in addition to different stabilization ribs 5 of the web (FIG. 6) and a preform 6 of the roving or staple fiber (FIG. 7). This arrangement of preforms allows the manufacture of aircraft load frames 2 with the parts for joining them to the following frame integrated therewith, as can be seen in FIG. 8. The preforms are made of fabric and reinforcements with unidirectional tape in the inner flanges to increase their moment of inertia and, consequently, their rigidity.

Likewise, the jig object of the invention comprises the following elements: an injection and curing jig 7, a vacuum system 8 and a closing and heating system.

Injection and Curing Jig 7

The injection and curing jig comprises different members:

-   -   A tub 10. This is the base element, inside of which the         remaining elements shaping the jig 7 as well as the preforms 3,         4, 5 and 6 to be simultaneously injected and cured are placed.         This element integrates the resin injection and extraction         boreholes, the resin distribution channel, the sealing system         for the subsequent application of a vacuum and the thermocouples         for thermal control of the jig 7 during the heating cycle.     -   An assembly of male parts 11. This is the assembly of machined         male parts that goes under the C-shaped preform 3. They allow         demolding the frame 2 without difficulties. These male parts are         longitudinally cut to make demolding and handling easier.     -   An assembly of male parts 12. This is the assembly of upper male         parts shaping the frame 2 on the side of the outer flange, i.e.         the one in contact with the fuselage skin and the legs of the         stringers. It copies the entire geometry of the skin on which it         rests, as well as the shape of the legs of the stringers, while         at the same time it incorporates grooves on its upper surface         for the injection of resin. These grooves open into the inlet         and outlet boreholes of tub 10. The male parts 12 are         longitudinally cut to make demolding and handling easier.     -   An assembly of male parts 13. This is the assembly of upper male         parts shaping the frame 2 on the side of the inner flange, i.e.,         the one in the innermost part of the fuselage and serving to         stiffen the section of the mentioned frame 2. The reinforcements         with unidirectional tape giving rigidity to the frame 2 are         placed on this flange. It incorporates grooves at its inner         surface allowing the extraction of the resin. These grooves open         into the resin outlet boreholes of the tub 10.     -   An assembly of male parts 14. They are the male parts in both         sides of the stabilization ribs 5 for stabilizing the web of the         frame 2, and therefore, such male parts are placed between the         male parts 11. They are provided with a resin outlet channel to         allow the correct impregnation of the ribs 5. Their design must         be such that it allows demolding.     -   Cover 15. It is the upper part of the jig 7, sealing said jig 7         against the tub 10, to the sealing system incorporating said tub         10. The cover 15 is planar to ensure in a simple and efficient         manner the vacuum level required inside the jig 7. It         incorporates thermocouples for the thermal control of the jig 7         during the heating cycle thereof.

Vacuum System 8

The vacuum system 8 comprises the following elements:

-   -   An assembly of sealing rubbers 16, arranged in several grooves         at the upper part of the tub 10.     -   A system of hollow silicone tubes 20, 22 joining the jig 7 with         the vacuum pump 17 and the resin injection machine 19.     -   A vacuum circuit 21. A leak-tight (metallic or non-metallic)         tube circuit 23 to which the silicone tubes coming from the         injection and curing jig 7 are led, and from which comes another         silicone 22 tube leading to the vacuum pump 17. It is therefore         a circuit arranged over the press 18 and joining the different         resin extraction points of the jig 7 to one other. The         connection between the vacuum circuit 21 and the silicone tubes         20 leading to the jig 7 is made through leak-tight connectors.         To prevent the resin inform entering the vacuum system 21, the         joining is done through expansion or draining vessels, and the         resin would fall on such vessels if it accidentally reached this         position.     -   Vacuum pump 17. It is able to reach a vacuum level of 0.5 mbar.

Closing and Heating System

According to the concept of the injection and curing jig 7 detailed in this invention, two processes for closing and heating the jig 7 can be used for the resin injection and curing process:

-   -   A hot plate press 18. It consists of hydraulic or pneumatic         presses, with the geometry enveloping all of those frames 2         which are to be manufactured, with the following basic operating         concept.         -   i. Pushing cylinders at the upper part of the press,             reacting against columns connected to the floor.         -   ii. A lower carriage with horizontal movement, for inserting             and extracting tools in the press.         -   iii. Upper heated plate.         -   iv. Lower heated plate.         -   v. Pressure and temperature control system with a             programmable automaton.         -   vi. Insulating hood to prevent heat escape during the             heating cycle.         -   vii. A bushing system to pass the resin injection and             extraction tubes from the injection system to the jig 7.         -   viii. A connection system for the thermocouples housed in             the jig 7, such that the programmable automaton controls the             different heating areas of the plates of the press,             according to the local temperature of the jig 7.     -   Injection and curing autoclave. In this case, the autoclave         exerts the closing pressure, for which it is necessary to close         the jig 7 with a vacuum lock. The resin injection and extraction         tubes must be able to withstand the pressure of the autoclave         without collapsing, for which the they will be connected to the         bushing of the autoclave to connect said autoclave with the         resin injection system.

According to a second aspect, the present invention develops a method of manufacturing composite material load frames for aircraft comprising the following steps:

-   -   1. Placing and closing the injection and curing jig 7.     -   2. Placing the jig 7 on the injection and curing press 18.     -   3. Connecting the vacuum system 8.     -   4. Applying pressure to the press 18, to close the jig 7 and to         ensure tightness.     -   5. Heating the jig 7 up to the injection temperature.     -   6. Applying vacuum to the jig 7 though the vacuum system 8.     -   7. Injecting the resin.     -   8. Restricting the silicone tubes 20 once the resin has         overflowed through the injection hoses.     -   9. Applying compacting pressure to the injection machine 19, up         to 3 bar, i.e. the resin passing through the inlet tube of the         jig enters with a pressure of 3 bar.     -   10. A heating gradient up to the curing temperature.     -   11. Maintaining the curing temperature.     -   12. Cooling.     -   13. Demolding.

Those modifications which are comprised in the scope of the following claims can be introduced in the described preferred embodiment. 

1. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage composite material frame (2), characterized in that the mentioned jig shapes preforms comprising at least one C shaped preform (3), at least one L shaped angular preform (4), at least one stabilization rib (5) for stabilizing the web of the frame (2) and at least one preform (6) of the roving or staple fiber in the joint between the C shaped preform (3) and the L shaped angular preform (4), and in that the mentioned jig comprises an injection and curing jig (7) injecting and curing resin for the manufacture of the preforms, a vacuum system (8) allowing to shape the previous preforms by means of applying vacuum and a heating and closing system such that the section of the structure of the frames (2) by means of the previous preforms is integreated in one part.
 2. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage frame (2) according to claim 1, characterized in that the preforms (3, 4, 5 and 6) are manufactured by means of RTM (resin transfer molding) technology.
 3. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage frame (2) according to a claim 1, characterized in that the preforms (3, 4, 5 and 6) comprise fabric and reinforcements with unidirectional tape in the inner flange to increase their moment of ineitia and, consequently, their rigidity.
 4. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage frame (2) according to claim 1, characterized in that the injection and curing jig (7) comprises a tub (10) in which there are placed the remaining elements shaping the jig (7) and the preforms (3, 4, 5 and 6) are placed, one male parts (11) assembly which is placed under the C shaped preform (3), an assembly of upper male parts (12) shaping the frame (2) on the side of the outer flange, an assembly of upper male parts (13) shaping the frame (2) on the side of the inner flange, an assembly of male parts (14) which are arranged on both sides of the stabilization ribs (5) for stabilizing the web of the frame (2) and a cover (15) sealing the jig (7) against the tub (10).
 5. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage frame (2) according to claim 1, characterized in that the vacuum system (8) comprises an assembly of sealing rubbers (16) arranged at the upper part of the tub (10), one vacuum pump (17), a system of tubes (20,22) joining the jig (7) with a resin injection machine (19) and with the vacuum pump (17), and a vacuum circuit (21) closing the jig (7) and from which the tubes (20, 22) joining said jig (7) with the vacuum pump (17) and with the resin injection machine (19) come out.
 6. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage frame (2) according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating and closing system comprises a hot plate press (18).
 7. A jig for injecting and curing preforms of an aircraft fuselage frame (2) according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating and closing system comprises an autoclave.
 8. A method of manufacturing composite material aircraft fuselage frames (2) comprising the following steps: a) Placing and closing the injection and curing jig (7). b) Placing the jig (7) on the heating and closing system. c) Connecting the vacuum system (8). d) Applying pressure on the closing and heating system to close the jig (7) and ensure tightness. e) Heating the jig (7) to the injection temperature. f) Applying vacuum to the jig (7), through the vacuum system (8). g) Injecting the resin. h) Constricting the tubes (20) once the resin has overflowed through the injection points. i) Applying compacting pressure to the injection machine (19). j) Heating gradient up to the curing temperature. k) Maintaining the curing temperature. l) Cooling. m) Demolding. 